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Microsoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
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1
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![](3D"slide0361_image006.jpg")
Chapter 4
Methods and
Behaviors
Corinne Hoisington=
Microsoft Visual C# .NET=
: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
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Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
2
Chapter
Objectives
•Become familiar with the
components of a method
•Call class methods with
and without parameters
•Use predefined methods=
in
the Console and Math classes
•Write your own value a=
nd
non-value returning class methods (with and without parameters)
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Chapter
Objectives
•Learn about the diff=
erent
methods and properties used for object-oriented development
•Write you=
r own
instance methods to include constructors, mutators, and
accessors
•Call
instance methods including constructors, mutators, and accesso=
rs
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Chapter
Objectives
•Distinguish between =
value,
ref, and out parameter types
•Work through a progr=
amming
example that illustrates the chapter’s concepts<=
/div>
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Anatomy of a Method
•M=
ethods
defined inside classes
•G=
roup
program statements
–B=
ased
on the functionality
–C=
alled
one or more times
•A=
ll
programs consist of at least one method
–M=
ain( )
•User-defined method
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•/* SquareExample.cs Author: Doyle */
•using System;
•namespace Square
•{
• =
public class
SquareExample
• =
{
• =
;
public static void Main( )
• =
;
{
• =
;
int aValue =3D 768; &nbs=
p;
• =
;
int result;
•
• =
;
result =3D aValue * aValue;
• =
;
Console.WriteLine(“{0} squared is {1}”,
![](3D"slide0323_image007.gif")
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• =
; &n=
bsp;
aValue, result);
• =
;
Console.Read( );
• =
;
}
• =
}
}
Required method
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Anatomy of a Method
![](3D"slide0308_image009.jpg")
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Modifiers
•<=
/span>Appear in the headings of methods
•<=
/span>Appear in the declaration heading for classes and =
=
other class members
•<=
/span>Indicates how it can be accessed
•<=
/span>Types of modifiers
–<=
/span>static
–Access
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Static Modifier
•<=
/span>Indicates member belongs to the type itself rather=
=
than to a specific object of a class
<=
/span>
•<=
/span>Main( ) must include static in heading
=
•<=
/span>Members of the Math class are static
• public static double Pow(double, double)&=
#13;
•<=
/span>Methods that use the static modifier are called =
class methods
–<=
/span>Instance methods require an object
–
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Access Modifiers
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Level of Accessibility
![](3D"slide0309_image011.jpg")
Tab=
le
4-1 C# access modifiers
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Return Type
•Indicates =
what
type of value is returned when the method
is completed
•A=
lways
listed immediately before method name
•v=
oid
–No
value being returned
•r=
eturn
statement
–R=
equired
for all non-void methods
&=
#8211;Compatible
value
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Return Type
•public static double CalculateMilesPerGallon
• =
;
(int miles=
Traveled,
double
gallonsUsed)
•{
• return milesTraveled / gallonsUsed;
<=
/span>
•}
![](3D"slide0241_image012.gif")
Compatible
value (double) returned
![](3D"slide0241_image013.gif")
Return
type
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Method Names
•F=
ollow
the rules for creating an identifier
–P=
ascal
case style
–A=
ction
verb or prepositional phrase
•E=
xamples
–C=
alculateSalesTax(
)
–A=
ssignSectionNumber(
)
–D=
isplayResults(
)
–I=
nputAge(
)
–C=
onvertInputValue(
)
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Parameters
•S=
upply
unique data to the method
•A=
ppear
inside parentheses
–I=
nclude
data type and an identifier
•In
method body reference values using identifier name
–P=
arameter
refers to items appearing in the heading
–A=
rgument
for the items appearing in the call
•F=
ormal
parameters
•A=
ctual
arguments
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Parameters
![](3D"slide0246_image015.jpg")
•public static double CalculateMilesPerG=
allon
• =
;
(int milesTraveled, double gallonsUsed)
•{
• return
milesTraveled / gallonsUsed;
•}
•
•Call to method inside
Main( ) method
• &n=
bsp;
Console.WriteLine(“Miles per gallon =3D {0:N2}”,
• =
; &n=
bsp; =
;
CalculateMilesPerGallon(289, 12.2));
•
![](3D"slide0246_image016.gif")
Two
formal parameters
![](3D"slide0246_image017.gif")
Actual
arguments
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Parameters
&=
#8226;Like
return types, parameters are optional
–Keyword void not required – when there ar=
e no
parameters
•public void
DisplayMessage( )
•{
•
Console.Write(”This is “);
•
Console.Write(”an example of a method ”);
•
Console.WriteLine(“body. ”);
• ; //
no value is returned
•}
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Method Body
&=
#8226;Enclosed
in curly braces
&=
#8226;Include
statements ending in semicolons
=
–Declare
variables
=
–Do
arithmetic
=
–Call
other methods
•Value
returning methods must include return statement
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Calling Class Methods
![](3D"slide0245_image018.jpg")
![](3D"slide0245_image019.jpg")
•<=
/span>Invoke a method
•Call to me=
thod
that returns no value [qualifier].MethodName(argum=
entList);
•Q=
ualifier
–S=
quare
brackets indicates optional
–c=
lass
or object name
•Call to method does not includes data type
•Use Intellisense
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Predefined Methods
•E=
xtensive
class library
•C=
onsole
class
–O=
verloaded
methods
–W=
rite(
)
–W=
riteLine(
)
–R=
ead(
)
•No
overloaded
•R=
eturns
an integer
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Intellisense
![](3D"slide0324_image020.jpg")
![](3D"slide0324_image022.jpg")
![](3D"slide0324_image023.gif")
After typing the dot, list of members pops up
Method signature(s) and description
3-D fuchsia colored=
box—methods
aqua colored
box—fields (not shown)
Figu=
re
4-2 Console class members
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Intellisense Display
![](3D"slide0338_image025.jpg")
![](3D"slide0338_image026.gif")
18 different Write( ) methods
![](3D"slide0338_image027.gif")
string argument expected
string
parameter
Figu=
re
4-3=
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![](3D"slide0339_image028.gif")
Intellisense Display
string argument expected
![](3D"slide0339_image030.jpg")
Figu=
re
4-4 Console.Read ( ) signature
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Call Read( ) Methods
![](3D"slide0325_image031.jpg")
•int aNumber;
•Console.Write(“Enter a single character: ”);=
3;
•aNumber =3D Console.Read( );
•Console.WriteLine(“The value of the character entered:
”
• =
; &n=
bsp;
+ aNumber);
•
![](3D"slide0325_image032.gif")
Enter a single character: a
The value of the character
entered: 97
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Call Read( ) Methods
![](3D"slide0341_image033.jpg")
•int aNumber;
•Console.WriteLine(“The value of the character entered:
“
• =
;
+ (char) Console.Read( ));
•
![](3D"slide0341_image034.gif")
Enter a single character: a
The value of the character entered:<=
span
style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> a
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Call ReadLine( ) Methods
![](3D"slide0340_image035.jpg")
•<=
/span>More versatile that the Read( )
•<=
/span>Returns all characters up to the enter key
•<=
/span>Not overloaded
•<=
/span>Always returns a string
•String value must be parsed
•
<=
/div>
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Call Parse( )
![](3D"slide0312_image036.jpg")
&=
#8226;Predefined
static method
&=
#8226;All
numeric types have a Parse( ) method
=
–double.Parse(“string
number”)
<=
/div>
=
–int.Parse(“string
number”)
=
–char.Parse(“string
number”)
=
–Bool.Parse(“string
number”)
&=
#8226;Expects
string argument
=
–Argument
must be a number=
212;string
format
&=
#8226;Returns
the number (or char or bool)
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![](3D"slide0342_image037.jpg")
•/* AgeIncrementer.cs Author: Doyle */
•using System;
•namespace AgeExample
•{
• =
public
class AgeIncrementer
• =
{
•
public static void Main( )
•
{
• =
;
int age; <=
/span>
• =
;
string aValue;
• =
;
Console.Write(“Enter your age: “);
• =
;
aValue =3D Console.ReadLine( );
• =
;
age =3D int.Parse(aValue);
• =
;
Console.WriteLine(“Your age next year”
• =
; &n=
bsp;
+ “ will be {0}”, ++age);
• =
;
Console.Read( );
•
} }=
}
•
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![](3D"slide0326_image038.jpg")
•/* SquareInputValue.cs Author:
Doyle */
•using System;
•namespace Square
•{
• =
class
SquareInputValue
• =
{
•
static void Main( )
•
{
• =
;
string inputStringValue;
• =
;
double aValue, result;
• =
;
Console.Write(“Enter a value to be squared: ”);
• =
;
inputStringValue =3D Console.ReadLine( );
• =
;
aValue =3D double.Parse(inputStringValue);
• =
;
result =3D Math.Pow(aValue, 2);
• =
;
Console.WriteLine(“{0} squared is {1}”, aValue,
result);
•
} }=
}
•
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Call =
Parse(
)
![](3D"slide0247_image039.jpg")
•string sValue =3D “True”;
•Console.WriteLine (bool.Parse(sValue)); //
displays True
•string strValue =3D “q”;
•Console.WriteLine(char.Parse(strValue)); //
displays q
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Call Parse( ) with Incompat=
ible
Value
![](3D"slide0327_image040.jpg")
•Console.WriteLine(char=
.Parse(sValue));
• =
;
when sValue referenced “True”
![](3D"slide0327_image042.jpg")
Figu=
re
4-6 System.FormatException runtime error
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Convert Class
![](3D"slide0328_image043.jpg")
•<=
/span>More than one way to convert from one base type to another
–System namespace—Convert cla=
ss—static methods
–<=
/span>Convert.ToDouble( )
–<=
/span>Convert.ToDecimal( )
–<=
/span>Convert.ToInt32( )
–<=
/span>Convert.ToBoolean( )
–<=
/span>Convert.ToChar( )
• int newVal=
ue =3D
Convert.ToInt32(stringValue);
–<=
/span>
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Math Class
![](3D"slide0329_image044.jpg")
![](3D"slide0329_image046.jpg")
Tab=
le
4-2 Math class methods
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![](3D"slide0343_image048.jpg")
Table
4-2 Math class methods (continued)
Math Class
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![](3D"slide0344_image050.jpg")
Table
4-2 Math class methods (continued)
Math Class
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![](3D"slide0345_image052.jpg")
Table
4-2 Math class methods (continued)
Math Class
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Math( ) Class
![](3D"slide0330_image053.jpg")
•double aValue =3D 78.926;
•double result1,
•
result2;
•result1 =3D Math.Floor(aValue); //
result1 =3D 78•result2 =3D Math.Sqrt(aValue); //
result2 =3D 8.88403061678651
•Console.Write(“aValue rounded to 2 decimal
places”
=
;
+ “ is {0}”, Math.Round(aValue, 2));
•
–
![](3D"slide0330_image054.gif")
aValue rounded to 2 decim=
al
places is 78.93
Each
call returns a value
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Method Calls That Return Values
![](3D"slide0315_image055.jpg")
•Line 1 int aValue =3D
200;
•Line 2 int bValue =3D
896;
•Line 3 int result;&#=
13;
•Line 4 result =3D Math.Max(a=
Value,
bValue); //
result =3D 896•Line 5 result +=3D bValue * =
•Line 6 =
;
Math.Max(aValue, bValue) –&n=
bsp;
aValue; &nb=
sp;
•// result =3D 896 + (896 * 896 - 200) =
; &n=
bsp;
(result =3D 803512)
•Line 7
Console.WriteLine(“Largest value between {0} ”
•Line 8 =
; &n=
bsp; =
;
+ “and {1} is {2}”, aValue, bValue,
•Line 9 =
; &n=
bsp; =
;
Math.Max(aValue, bValue));
![](3D"slide0315_image056.gif")
In an assignment statement
Part of arithmetic expression
Argument to another method call
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Writing Your Own Class Methods
![](3D"slide0331_image057.jpg")
•[modifier(s)]
returnType MethodName ( parameterList )
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•{
• // body of method - consisti=
ng of
executable statements
•}
&#=
8226;void
Methods
&=
#8211;Simplest
to write
&=
#8211;No
return statement
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Writing Your Own Class Methods
– void Types
•public static void DisplayInstructions( )
•{
•
Console.WriteLine(“This program will determine how ”=
3;
• =
; &n=
bsp;
+ “much carpet to purchase.”);
•
Console.WriteLine( );
•
Console.WriteLine(“You will be asked to enter the ”
=
;
• =
; &n=
bsp;
+ “ size of the room and ”);
•
Console.WriteLine(“the price of the carpet, ”
• =
; &n=
bsp;
+ ”in price per square yards.”);
•
Console.WriteLine( );
•}
•
![](3D"slide0249_image058.gif")
class
method
![](3D"slide0249_image059.gif")
Call to the method=
:
DisplayInstruction=
s( );
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Writing Your Own Class Methods
– void Types
![](3D"slide0250_image060.jpg")
•public static void DisplayResults(double
squareYards,
• =
; &n=
bsp;
double pricePerSquareYard)
•{
•
Console.Write(“Total Square Yards needed: ”);
•
Console.WriteLine(“{0:N2}”, squareYards);
•
Console.Write(“Total Cost at {0:C} “, pricePerSquareYar=
d);
•
Console.WriteLine(“ per Square Yard: {0:C}”,
• =
; &n=
bsp;
(squareYards * pricePerSquareYard));
•}
•static method called f=
rom
within the class where it resides
![](3D"slide0250_image061.gif")
To invoke method, =
Displa=
yResults(16.5,
18.95);
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Value Returning Method
•Has a return type other
than void
•Must have a return
statement
–Compatible v=
alue
•Zero, one or more data
items may be passed as arguments
•Calls can be placed=
3;
–In assignment
statements
–Output statements
=
–Arithmetic
expressions
–Or anywhere a value ca=
n be
used
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Value Returning Method
•public static double GetLength(
)
•{
• =
string
inputValue;
• =
int feet,
inches;
•
Console.Write(“Enter the Length in feet: ”);
•
inputValue =3D Console.ReadLine( );
• =
feet =3D int.Parse(inputValue);
•
Console.Write(“Enter the Length in inches: “);
•
inputValue =3D Console.ReadLine( );
• =
inches
=3D int.Parse(inputValue);
• =
return (feet + (=
double) inches /
12);
•}
![](3D"slide0334_image062.gif")
Return type→double
![](3D"slide0334_image063.gif")
double returned
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CarpetE=
xampleWithClassMethods
•/* CarpetExampleWithClassMethods.cs
*/
•using System;
•namespace CarpetExampleWithClassMethods
•{
• =
public class
CarpetWithClassMethods
• =
{
• =
;
public static void Main( )
• =
;
{
• =
;
double roomWidth, roomLength, pricePerSqYard,
• =
; &n=
bsp;
noOfSquareYards;
• =
;
DisplayInstructions( ); // Call getDimension( ) to get length
• =
;
roomLength =3D GetDimension(“Length”);
•
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• =
;
roomWidth =3D GetDimension(“Width”);
• =
;
pricePerSqYard =3D GetPrice( );
• =
;
noOfSquareYards =3D
• =
; &n=
bsp;
DetermineSquareYards(roomWidth, roomLength);
• =
;
DisplayResults(noOfSquareYards, pricePerSqYard);
• &n=
bsp;
}
• public static void
DisplayInstructions( )
• &n=
bsp;
{
• =
;
Console.WriteLine(“This program will determine how much
"
• =
; &n=
bsp;
+ “carpet to purchase.”);
• =
;
Console.WriteLine( );
• =
;
Console.WriteLine("You will be asked to enter the size of
”
• =
; &n=
bsp;
+ “the room ");
• =
;
Console.WriteLine(“and the price of the carpet, in price
per”
• =
; &n=
bsp;
+ “ square yds.”);
• =
;
Console.WriteLine( );
•
}
•
•
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osoft
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•public static double GetDimens=
ion(string side )=
3;
• {
• =
;
string inputValue; //
local variables
• =
;
int feet, =
;
// needed only by this
• =
;
inches; =
;
// method
• =
;
Console.Write("Enter the {0} in feet: ", side);
• =
;
inputValue =3D Console.ReadLine( );
• =
;
feet =3D int.Parse(inputValue);
• =
;
Console.Write("Enter the {0} in inches: ", side);
• =
;
inputValue =3D Console.ReadLine( );
• =
;
inches =3D int.Parse(inputValue);
•
• =
;
// Note: cast required to avoid int division
• =
;
return (feet + (double) inches / 12);
•
}
• =
•
•
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osoft
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• =
public static double GetPrice( )
•
{
• =
;
string inputValue; //
local variables
• =
;
double price;
• =
;
Console.Write(“Enter the price per Square Yard: ");
=
• =
;
inputValue =3D Console.ReadLine( );
• =
;
price =3D double.Parse(inputValue);
• =
;
return price;
•
}
•
public static double DetermineSquareYards
• =
; &n=
bsp;
(double width, double length)&#=
13;
•
{
• =
;
const int SQ_FT_PER_SQ_YARD =3D 9;
• =
;
double noOfSquareYards;
• =
;
noOfSquareYards =3D length * width=
/ SQ_FT_PER_SQ_YARD;
• =
;
return noOfSquareYards;
•
}
•
•
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osoft
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• =
public
static double DeterminePrice (double squareYar=
ds,
• =
; &n=
bsp;
=
; &n=
bsp; =
; d=
ouble
pricePerSquareYard)
•
{
• =
;
return (pricePerSquareYard * squareYards);
•
}
•
public static void DisplayResults (double
squareYards,
• =
; &n=
bsp; =
; &n=
bsp; =
;
double pricePerSquareYard)
•
{
• =
;
Console.WriteLine( );
• =
;
Console.Write(“Square Yards needed: ”);
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Content-Location: file:///C:/CC98DCD3/Ch04cs_files/slide0286.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
• =
;
Console.WriteLine("{0:N2}", squareYards);
• =
;
Console.Write("Total Cost at {0:C} ", pricePerSquareYard)=
;
• =
;
Console.WriteLine(“ per Square Yard: {0:C}”,
• =
; &n=
bsp; =
;
DeterminePrice(squareYards,
• =
; &n=
bsp; =
;
pricePerSquareYard));
•
}
} }
<=
/span>
•
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osoft
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CarpetExampleWithClassMethods
![](3D"slide0286_image065.jpg")
Fig=
ure
4-7 Output
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
50
The Object Concept
•C=
lass
•E=
ntity
•A=
bstraction
–A=
ttributes
(data)
–B=
ehaviors
(processes on the data)
•P=
rivate
member data (fields)
–P=
ublic
method members
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osoft
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Writing Your Own Instance <=
/span>Methods
•<=
/span>Do not use static keyword
–<=
/span>Static —class method
•<=
/span>Constructor
–<=
/span>Do not return a value
–<=
/span>void is not included
–<=
/span>Same identifier as the class name
–<=
/span>Overloaded methods
–<=
/span>Default constructor
•<=
/span>No arguments =
Micr=
osoft
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52
Writing Your Own Instance <=
/span>Methods
•<=
/span>Accessor (getter)
–<=
/span>Returns just the current value
=
–<=
/span>Standard naming convention → add
”get” onto the front
of the instance variable name
–<=
/span>Accessor for noOfSquareYardsis GetNoOfSquareYards(
)
•<=
/span>Mutators (setters)
–<=
/span>Normally includes one parameter
–<=
/span>Method body → single assignment statement
–<=
/span>Standard naming convention add ”Set” t=
o the
front of the instance vari=
able
identifier
–
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osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
53
Accessor and Mutator Examples
•public double GetNoOfSquareYards( )
•{
• return
noOfSquareYards;
•}
•
•public void SetNoOfSquareYards(double
squareYards)
•{
•
noOfSquareYards =3D squareYards;
•}
<=
/div>
![](3D"slide0353_image066.gif")
Accessor
Mutator
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osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
54
Properties
•L=
ooks
like a data field
–M=
ore
closely aligned to methods
•Standard n=
aming
convention in C# for properties —
use the same name as the instance variable or field, but start with uppercase character
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
55
Calling Instance Methods
•<=
/span>Calling the Constructor
•ClassName object=
Name =3D
new ClassName(argumentList);
• =
;
or
•ClassName
objectName;
•objectName =3D n=
ew
ClassName(argumentList);
•<=
/span>Keyword new used as operator to call constructor <=
/span>=
methods
•CarpetCalculator=
plush
=3D new CarpetCalculator ( );
•CarpetCalculator=
pile
=3D
• =
;
new CarpetCalculator (37.90, 17.95);
•CarpetCalculator
berber =3D new CarpetCalculator (17.95);
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
56
Calling Accessor and Mutato=
r Methods
•M=
ethod
name is preceded by the object name
berber.SetNoOfSquareYards(27.83); =
3;
Console.WriteLine(“{0:N2}”,
berber.GetNoOfSquareYards( ));
•U=
sing
Properties
PropertyName =3D value;
And
Console.Write(“Total Cost at {0:C} ”,
berber.Price); =
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
57
Types of Parameters
•C=
all by
value
–c=
opy of
the original value is made
•O=
ther
types of parameters
–r=
ef
–o=
ut
–p=
arams
•ref and out
cause a method to refer to the same variable
that was passed into the method
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
58
Types of Parameters
![](3D"slide0289_image068.jpg")
Figu=
re
4-10 Call by reference versus value
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
59
RealEstateInvestment Example
![](3D"slide0357_image070.jpg")
Figure
4-12 Problem specification
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
60
Data for the RealEstateInvestment
Example
![](3D"slide0290_image072.jpg")
![](3D"slide0290_image074.jpg")
![](3D"slide0290_image075.gif")
=
Table 4-4 =
Instance variables
Table 4-5 Local variables
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
61
RealEstateInvestment Example
![](3D"slide0358_image077.jpg")
Figu=
re
4-13 Prototype
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
62
RealEstateInvestment Example
![](3D"slide0359_image079.jpg")
Figu=
re
4-14 Class diagrams
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
63
RealEstateInvestment Example
![](3D"slide0360_image081.jpg")
Table
4-6 Properties to be def=
ined
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
64
![](3D"slide0291_image083.jpg")
![](3D"slide0291_image084.gif")
Figure 4-15
Struct=
ured English (pseudocode)
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
65
Chapter Summary
&#=
8226;Components
of a method
&#=
8226;Class
methods
&=
#8211;Parameters
&#=
8226;Predefined
methods
=
226;Value
and non-value returning methods
Micr=
osoft
Visual C# .NET: From Problem Analysis to Program Design
66
Chapter Summary
&#=
8226;Properties
&#=
8226;Instance
methods
&=
#8211;Constructors
&=
#8211;Mutators
&=
#8211;Accessors
&#=
8226;Types
of parameters
‹header›
‹date/time&=
#8250;
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
‹footer›
‹#›
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