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Systems Analysis
& Design
7= th Ed= ition
7= th Ed= ition
Chapter
8
Corinne Hoisington <= /span>
Corinne Hoisington <= /span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\SAD](3D"slide0001_image004.gif")
2
Chapter
Objectives
v<=
/span>Explain data design concepts and data structures
v<=
/span>Describe file processing systems
=
vExp=
lain
database systems and define the components of a datab=
ase
management system (DBMS)
v<=
/span>Describe Web-based data design
•<=
/span>
3
Chapter
Objectives
vExp=
lain
data design terminology, including entities, fields, common fields, records, files, tables, and key fields
vDes=
cribe
data relationships, draw an entity-relationship diagram, define cardinality and use cardinality notation
v<=
/span>Explain the concept of normalization
vExp=
lain
the importance of codes and describe various coding schemes
•<=
/span>
4
Chapter
Objectives
vDes=
cribe
relational and object-oriented database models
v<=
/span>Explain data warehousing and data mining
=
vDif=
ferentiate
between logical and physical storage and records
v<=
/span>Explain data control measures
•<=
/span>
5
Introduction
v<=
/span>You will develop a physical plan for data =
organization, storage, and retrieval
v<=
/span>Begins with a review of data design concepts and =
terminology, then discusses file-based systems and <=
/span>=
database systems, including Web-based databases
=
v<=
/span>Concludes with a discussion of data storage and =
access, including strategic tools such as data =
warehousing and data mining, physical design =
issues, logical and physical records, data storage <=
/span>formats, and data controls
•<=
/span>
6
Data
Design Concepts
v<=
/span>Data Structures
––––•<=
/span>
7
Data
Design Concepts
=
vOve=
rview
of File Processing
–and cost-effective in –••••<=
/span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0007_image006.gif")
8
Data
Design Concepts
v<=
/span>Overview of File Processing
–•••••••<=
/span>
9
Data
Design Concepts
=
vThe
Evolution from File Systems to Database Systems
10
Data
Design Concepts
=
vThe
Evolution from File Systems to Database Systems
–••••••<=
/span>
11
Data
Design Concepts
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:88%;color:#001932;layout-=
flow:
vertical'>vDat=
abase
Tradeoffs
–Because DBMSs are
powerful, they require more expensive hardware,
software, and data networks capable of supporting a multi-user
environment
•<=
/span>
12
DBMS
Components
=
vInt=
erfaces
for Users, Database Administrators, and Related Systems
–––••<=
/span>
13
DBMS
Components
v<=
/span>Data Manipulation Language
–v<=
/span>Schema
––•<=
/span>
14
DBMS
Components
v<=
/span>Physical Data Repository
––––•<=
/span>
15
Web-Based
Database Design
•Characteristics of Web-Based Design
•<=
/span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0015_image008.gif")
16
Web-Based
Database Design
v<=
/span>Internet Terminology
––––––•<=
/span>
17
Web-Based
Database Design
v<=
/span>Internet Terminology
––––––•<=
/span>
18
Web-Based
Database Design
v<=
/span>Connecting a Database to the Web
<=
/div>
–Internet or intranet
••• ColdFusion
•<=
/span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0018_image010.gif")
19
Web-Based
Database Design
v<=
/span>Data Security
–=
–•<=
/span>
20
Data
Design Terminology
v<=
/span>Definitions
–––••–••<=
/span>
21
Data
Design Terminology
v<=
/span>Key Fields
–•••••<=
/span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0021_image011.gif")
22
Data
Design Terminology
v<=
/span>Key Fields
–•––•<=
/span>
23
Data
Design Terminology
v<=
/span>Referential Integrity
–––•<=
/span>
24
Entity-Relationship
Diagrams
v<=
/span>Drawing an ERD
––•<=
/span>
25
Entity-Relationship
Diagrams
v<=
/span>Types of Relationships
––––••<=
/span>
26
Entity-Relationship
Diagrams
v=
Cardinality
••notation
•Language (UML)
•=
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0026_image013.gif")
27
Normalization
v<=
/span>Standard Notation Format
– to show a table’s structure, fie=
lds,
and primary key
–
–Example: NAME (, FIELD 2, FIELD 3)
•<=
/span>
28
Normalization
v<=
/span>Repeating Groups and Unnormalized Design
=
–•–•<=
/span>
29
Normalization
v<=
/span>First Normal Form
––•<=
/span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0029_image015.gif")
30
Normalization
v<=
/span>Second Normal Form
–1.First, create and name a separate table
for each field in the existing primary key
2.Next, create a new table for each poss=
ible
combination of the original primary key fields
=
;
3.Finally, study the three tables and pl=
ace
each field with its appropriate primary key
•<=
/span>
31
Normalization
v<=
/span>Second Normal Form
–description that do not exist with
2NF
•••••<=
/span>
32
Normalization
v<=
/span>Third Normal Form
=
––•<=
/span>
33
Normalization
•A Normalization Example
•<=
/span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0033_image017.gif")
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0033_image018.gif")
34
Using
Codes During System Design
v<=
/span>Overview of Codes
––transmission time, and decrease data e=
ntry
time
–•<=
/span>
35
Using
Codes During System Design
v<=
/span>Types of Codes
1.2.3.a.b.•<=
/span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0035_image020.gif")
36
Using
Codes During System Design
v<=
/span>Types of codes
4.5.6.7.•<=
/span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0036_image022.gif")
37
Using
Codes During System Design
v<=
/span>Developing a Code
1.2.3.4.5.6.
•<=
/span>
38
Using
Codes During System Design
v<=
/span>Developing a Code
6.7.8.9.•<=
/span>
39
Steps
in Database Design
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:88%;color:#001932;font-we=
ight:
bold;layout-flow:vertical'>1.Create the initial ERD
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:88%;color:#001932;font-we=
ight:
bold;layout-flow:vertical'>2.Assign all data elements to entities
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:88%;color:#001932;font-we=
ight:
bold;layout-flow:vertical'>3.Create 3NF designs for all tables
=
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:88%;color:#001932;font-we=
ight:
bold;layout-flow:vertical'>4.Verify all data dictionary entries
–After creating your
final ERD and normalized table designs, you can transform them =
into
a database
<=
span
style=3D'visibility:hidden'>•
40
Database
Models
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:88%;color:#001932;layout-=
flow:
vertical'>vRel=
ational
Databases
–The relational model=
was
introduced during the 1970s and became popular because it was
flexible and powerful
v<=
/span>Object-Oriented Databases
–•<=
/span>
41
Data
Storage and Access
=
vData
storage and access involve strategic business tools
v<=
/span>Strategic tools for data storage and access
–––•<=
/span>
42
Data
Storage and Access
v<=
/span>Logical and Physical Storage
–•••–••••<=
/span>
43
Data
Storage and Access
v<=
/span>Data Storage Formats
–––––•<=
/span>
44
Data
Storage and Access
v<=
/span>Data Storage Formats
–•••••<=
/span>
45
Data
Storage and Access
v<=
/span>Selecting a Data Storage Format
–––•<=
/span>
46
Data
Storage and Access
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman";font-size:88%;color:#001932;layout-=
flow:
vertical'>vDate
Fields
–Most date formats now
are based on the model established by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
•<=
/span>
47
Data
Control
v<=
/span>User ID
v<=
/span>Password
v<=
/span>Permissions
v<=
/span>Encryption
v<=
/span>Backup
v<=
/span>Recovery procedures
v<=
/span>Audit log files
v<=
/span>Audit fields
•
•<=
/span>
![3D"C:\renger\fall06\proj\sad7e\chapter8\CHAP08StudyTool_files\proj8\43=](3D"slide0047_image024.gif")