Study Guide for Chapter Three
Multiple choice questions for Chapter Three - Socialization will be selected from this list
1) Based on both the Harlows' research with
rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna the isolated child, one might reasonably
conclude:
A) the two species react differently to social isolation.
B) both monkeys and humans "bounce back" from long-term isolation.
C) even days or weeks of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and
humans.
D) long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both
monkeys and humans.
2) In terms of human freedom, the chapter on
socialization leads to the conclusion that:
A) human beings can never be free of society.
B) human beings are spontaneous and creative.
C) human beings are affected by society, but also act back on society.
D) All of the above are correct.
3) A person who has lost the capacity for independent
living is described as:
A) unsocialized.
B) integrated.
C) institutionalized.
D) dissociated.
4) The focus of Kohlberg's research was:
A) cognition.
B) the importance of gender in socialization.
C) moral reasoning.
D) All of the above are correct.
5) The "graying of the United States" refers
to the fact that:
A) the average age of the U.S. population is rising.
B) the number of elderly people is increasing.
C) the share of the U.S. population that has reached age sixty-five is
increasing.
D) All of the above are correct.
6) When Cooley used the term "looking-glass
self," he was referring to the fact that:
A) people are self-absorbed.
B) people see themselves as they think others see them.
C) people see things only from their own point of view.
D) our actions are a reflection of our values.
7) An idea in Freud's thinking that has special
importance to sociology is his assertion that:
A) human behavior is basically random.
B) humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning
the ways of society.
C) societies encourage people to become self-centered.
D) humans can never become cultural creatures.
8) The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by
Kingsley Davis, shows that:
A) humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species.
B) without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful
action.
C) personality is present in humans at birth.
D) many human instincts disappear in the first few years of life.
9) George Herbert Mead considered the self to be:
A) that part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and
self-image.
B) the presence of culture within the individual.
C) basic drives that are self-centered.
D) present in infants at the time of their birth.
10) According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total
institution is:
A) to help integrate a troubled patient into the outside world.
B) to give a person greater choices about how to live.
C) to radically alter a person's personality or behavior.
D) to encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context.
11) Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in
Freud's concept of:
A) superego.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) generalized other.
12) Industrial societies typically define people in old
age as:
A) the most wise.
B) most knowledgeable about current fashion and trends.
C) less aware and important than younger adults.
D) All of the above are correct.
13) Mead would agree with only one of the following
statements. Which one is it?
A) Socialization ends with the development of self.
B) If you win $10 million, your self may change.
C) People are puppets with little control over their lives.
D) Human behavior reflects both nature and nurture.
14) Family is important to the socialization process
because:
A) family members are often what Mead called "significant others."
B) families give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and
religion.
C) parents greatly affect a child's self-concept.
D) All of the above are correct.
15) Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing
that:
A) girls and boys typically use different standards in assessing situations as
right and wrong.
B) girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are.
C) boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are.
D) the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only
as young people enter the teenage years.
16) Mead placed the origin of the self in:
A) biological drives.
B) culture.
C) social experience.
D) the functioning of the brain.
17) Jean Piaget called the level of development at which
individuals first use language and other cultural symbols the __________
stage.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
18) Which of the following describes Goffman's
description of the resocialization process?
A) Eroding an old identity then building a new identity.
B) Rewarding inmates for being creative.
C) Helping the inmate to become integrated into the larger society.
D) All of the above are correct.
19) Which of the following statements comes closest to
describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?
A) Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.
B) Personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of
culture.
C) We come to see ourselves as we think others see us.
D) Personality develops mostly in childhood.
20) Ageism refers to:
A) the rising share of elderly people in U.S. society.
B) prejudice and discrimination against the elderly.
C) the fact that young people know little of the experience of growing old.
D) All of the above are correct.
21) In Freud's model of personality, which element of
the personality represents the demands of society, balancing innate
pleasure-seeking drives?
A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) generalized other
22) What is the term sociologists give to a category of
people with a common characteristic, usually their age?
A) age subculture
B) generation
C) age group
D) cohort
23) The special contribution of schooling to the
socialization process includes:
A) exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting.
B) exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds.
C) teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality.
D) helping children break free of gender roles.
24) What sets the peer group off from the family is that
the peer group:
A) has a greater effect than parents on children's long-term goals.
B) lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.
C) gives children experience in an impersonal setting.
D) All of the above are correct.
25) In the nature versus nurture debate over what shapes
human behavior, most social scientists believe that:
A) nature is far more important than nurture.
B) nurture is far more important than nature.
C) nature and nurture have equal importance.
D) neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.
26) Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in
girls showed that:
A) girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they
progress through adolescence.
B) at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys.
C) at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls.
D) girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, but then it gradually
decreases as they go through adolescence.
27) Jean Piaget's focus was on:
A) how children develop their motor skills.
B) how children are stimulated by their environment.
C) the role of heredity in shaping human behavior.
D) cognition: how people think and understand.
28) According to Mead, children learn to take the role
of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such
as parents. Mead referred to these people as:
A) role models.
B) looking-glass models.
C) significant others.
D) the generalized other.
29) The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of
social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that:
A) monkeys isolated for six months were highly anxious when returned to others
of their kind.
B) isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally.
C) even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys.
D) All of the above are correct.
30) __________ refers to efforts to radically change
someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment.
A) Anticipatory socialization
B) Resocialization
C) Total socialization
D) Degradation
31) On average, a U.S. household has at least one
television turned on for __________ hours a day.
A) two
B) five
C) seven
D) fifteen
32) All but one of the following are distinctive
characteristics of a total institution; which one is NOT?
A) Staff members supervise all spheres of daily life.
B) Staff members encourage individual growth and creativity.
C) Inmates have standardized food, clothing, and activities.
D) Formal rules dictate daily routines.
33) Patterns of socialization vary by class; in
child-rearing, lower-class parents stress __________, while well-to-do parents
stress __________.
A) independence; protecting children
B) independence; dependence
C) obedience; creativity
D) creativity; obedience
34) According to Mead, social experience involves:
A) understanding the world in terms of our senses.
B) the exchange of symbols.
C) a mix of biological instinct and learning.
D) acting but not thinking.
35) The social sciences, including sociology, developed
based on the idea that:
A) humans have instincts that guide our lives.
B) biological forces underlie human culture.
C) it is human nature to nurture.
D) Darwin's model of biological evolution explains patterns of human culture.
36) On the basis of Melvin Kohn's study of what parents
expect of their children, high-income parents are likely to be most concerned
when their child:
A) is given a tardy slip at school.
B) needs to be told what he should draw during free art time.
C) is labeled a "nonconformist."
D) is said to have an "active imagination."
37) Sociologists claim the main reason that many young
people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion is:
A) cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike
and partly adultlike.
B) the effect of hormones as young people mature.
C) growth always involves change.
D) All of the above are correct.
38) Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find
that:
A) childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere.
B) rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do.
C) poor societies extend childhood much longer than rich societies do.
D) biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.
39) When people model themselves after the members of
peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in:
A) group conformity.
B) future directedness.
C) anticipatory socialization.
D) group rejection.
40) Critics of Erikson's theory of personality
development point out that:
A) not everyone confronts the stages in the exact order given by Erikson.
B) failing to meet the challenge of one stage of development may not mean
failing at later challenges.
C) this process may unfold differently in other times and places.
D) All of the above are correct.
41) By "taking the role of the other," Mead
had in mind:
A) imagining a situation in terms of past experience.
B) recognizing that people have different views of most situations.
C) imagining a situation from another person's point of view.
D) trading self-centeredness for a focus on helping other people.
42) In historical perspective, the power of the mass
media in the socialization process has:
A) increased over time.
B) been about the same over the last century.
C) decreased over time.
D) The mass media have never played a large part in the socialization process.
43) Taken together, the cases of Anna and Genie provide
strong evidence that:
A) social experience has a crucial role in forming human personality.
B) both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to
early development.
C) the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively
short time.
D) All of the above are correct.
44) Mead considered the "generalized other" to
be:
A) important individuals in the child's life.
B) a person who provides complete care for a child.
C) any "significant other."
D) widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.
45) In her research, Elisabeth Kumlaut(u)bler-Ross found
that death:
A) is defined in much the same way in every society.
B) is an orderly transition involving specific stages.
C) is a topic that people in the United States have always been comfortable
discussing.
D) All of the above are correct.
46) In Freud's model of personality, what represents the
presence of culture within the individual?
A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) thanatos
47) According to Piaget, in what stage of human
development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?
A) sensorimotor stage
B) preoperational stage
C) concrete operational stage
D) formal operational stage
48) What is the lifelong social experience by which
human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
A) socialization
B) personality
C) human nature
D) behaviorism
49) Which perspective developed by the psychologist John
B. Watson claims human behavior is not instinctive, but learned within a
social environment?
A) behaviorism
B) biological psychology
C) evolutionary psychology
D) naturalism
50) What is the term for a person's fairly consistent
pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
A) socialization
B) behavior
C) human nature
D) personality
51) In Mead's model, what are the correctly ordered
stages of the developing self?
A) imitation, play, game, generalized other
B) imitation, generalized other, play, game
C) imitation, game, play, generalized other
D) imitation, generalized other, play, game
52) The survey of the life course in the text leads the
reader to conclude that:
A) life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with
biology.
B) life-course stages are much the same throughout the world.
C) while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social
construction.
D) life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries.